Fallacies are defects that weaken arguments; accordingly they are not persuasive. It is a form of reasoning. Fallacies are normally classified into:
1. Rhetorical Fallacies
2. Logical Fallacies
Under the Rhetorical Fallacies or also known as Hermeneutic Fallacies, they are also classified into the following:
1. Incorrect obversion
2. Incorrect Conversion
3. The fallacy of accent
4. The fallacy of amphibology
1.Incorrect Obversion is the change of the original proposition from the affirmative to negative or vice versa without changing the meaning of the original intention.
For example:
All the shirts that are stock in the bodega are genuine.
Not a single shirt stock in the bodega is a fake.
The fallacy of incorrect obversion is committed when the meaning of the original proposition is change in change the proposition from affirmative to negative or vice versa.
For example:
All the shirts stock in the bodega is genuine.
Not a single shirt stock in the bodega is genuine.
2. Incorrect Conversion is the transposition of the subject and predicate of the proposition without changing the meaning of the original proposition.
For example:
All scientific calculators can solve mathematical problems.
Some mathematical problems can be solved by scientific calculators.
The fallacy of incorrect conversion will took place when there are mistake in the distribution of terms. When the meaning of the original proposition is change fallacy of incorrect conversion is then committed.
For Example:
All scientific calculators can solve mathematical problems.
All mathematical problems can be solved by using scientific calculators.
3. The fallacy of accent is committed when the meaning of a proposition is misinterpreted on account of a misplaced accent or emphasis on a term.
For example:
We should be merciful to our neighbors.
An emphasis on the word neighbors may imply that we may not be merciful to those who are not our neighbors.
4. The fallacy of amphibology arises on account of a faulty grammatical construction of the sentence which gives rise to miscomprehension. The use of ambiguous pronouns and of dangling participial phrases often gives rise to this fallacy.
For example:
The notorious criminal had been arrested by the policeman who robbed the bank.
As to the second classification of fallacies, The Logical Fallacies are errors in inferring. They are not merely errors of interpretation. Rhetoricians and Logicians classify logical fallacies into:
1. Formal Fallacies
2. Material Fallacies
Formal Fallacies are those that arise from the violations of the rules of the syllogism. Any violation of these rules gives rise to a mistake in inference. Formal Fallacies are committed in categorical syllogisms, in disjunctive syllogisms, and in hypothetical syllogism. Formal Fallacies are further classified into:
Material Fallacies are those that arise, not from the violations of rules of the syllogism, but from the confusion in the connotation or denotation of the terms used or from a faulty assumption of facts. In material fallacies, the rules of the syllogism are apparently well observed; but the mistake of inference is involved in the matter dealt with. Material Fallacies are further classified into:
1. Fallacies of equivocation
2. Fallacies of presumption
1. Rhetorical Fallacies
2. Logical Fallacies
Under the Rhetorical Fallacies or also known as Hermeneutic Fallacies, they are also classified into the following:
1. Incorrect obversion
2. Incorrect Conversion
3. The fallacy of accent
4. The fallacy of amphibology
1.Incorrect Obversion is the change of the original proposition from the affirmative to negative or vice versa without changing the meaning of the original intention.
For example:
All the shirts that are stock in the bodega are genuine.
Not a single shirt stock in the bodega is a fake.
The fallacy of incorrect obversion is committed when the meaning of the original proposition is change in change the proposition from affirmative to negative or vice versa.
For example:
All the shirts stock in the bodega is genuine.
Not a single shirt stock in the bodega is genuine.
2. Incorrect Conversion is the transposition of the subject and predicate of the proposition without changing the meaning of the original proposition.
For example:
All scientific calculators can solve mathematical problems.
Some mathematical problems can be solved by scientific calculators.
The fallacy of incorrect conversion will took place when there are mistake in the distribution of terms. When the meaning of the original proposition is change fallacy of incorrect conversion is then committed.
For Example:
All scientific calculators can solve mathematical problems.
All mathematical problems can be solved by using scientific calculators.
3. The fallacy of accent is committed when the meaning of a proposition is misinterpreted on account of a misplaced accent or emphasis on a term.
For example:
We should be merciful to our neighbors.
An emphasis on the word neighbors may imply that we may not be merciful to those who are not our neighbors.
4. The fallacy of amphibology arises on account of a faulty grammatical construction of the sentence which gives rise to miscomprehension. The use of ambiguous pronouns and of dangling participial phrases often gives rise to this fallacy.
For example:
The notorious criminal had been arrested by the policeman who robbed the bank.
As to the second classification of fallacies, The Logical Fallacies are errors in inferring. They are not merely errors of interpretation. Rhetoricians and Logicians classify logical fallacies into:
1. Formal Fallacies
2. Material Fallacies
Formal Fallacies are those that arise from the violations of the rules of the syllogism. Any violation of these rules gives rise to a mistake in inference. Formal Fallacies are committed in categorical syllogisms, in disjunctive syllogisms, and in hypothetical syllogism. Formal Fallacies are further classified into:
Material Fallacies are those that arise, not from the violations of rules of the syllogism, but from the confusion in the connotation or denotation of the terms used or from a faulty assumption of facts. In material fallacies, the rules of the syllogism are apparently well observed; but the mistake of inference is involved in the matter dealt with. Material Fallacies are further classified into:
1. Fallacies of equivocation
2. Fallacies of presumption
